1. Before the database approach, what was the primary method for computer data management?

2. Which term describes a situation where various copies of the same data are conflicting and waste storage space?

3. Who developed the relational model that serves as the foundation for RDBMS?

4. What is the minimum processor requirement for SQL Server 2012 (64-bit)?

5. In what year did SQL become an ISO standard?

6. Which category of SQL statements is used to create, modify, or delete database objects like tables and views?

7. SQL is considered which type of language because you tell it WHAT you want instead of HOW to get it?

8. What is the term for "data about data" that describes the tables and relationships in a database?

9. Which constraint uniquely identifies each row and cannot contain NULL values?

10. Which keyword does MS SQL Server use to perform an auto-increment feature?

11. Which SQL command is used to remove a table's structure and all its data from the database?

12. Which SQL statement is used to add new rows of data to a table?

13. What happens if an UPDATE statement is executed without a WHERE clause?

14. Which keyword is used in a SELECT statement to return only different (unique) values?

15. Which operator is used to search for a specified pattern in a column using wildcards like %?

16. Which clause is used to filter results *after* they have been grouped by an aggregate function?

17. Which function can be used to replace NULL values in a query result with a specific default value?

18. According to the rules of subqueries, they must always be enclosed within what?

19. GRANT and REVOKE are examples of which SQL statement category?

20. What is the term for the separation of the database structure description from the application programs?